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Women and Education: A Critical Review
Women and Education: A Critical Review
*Dr.P.Shanmukha Rao **Dr.N.V.S.Suryanarayana
Empowerment of the women is an essential component of the political and social development of society. The growth and development of a community or civil society depends upon the growth and development of its individuals in general and the women in particular. There is no doubt about the fact that men and women are equal, but women have a vital role in the over-all development of the society and the nation. Women are equal partners in the over all growth and development of the family, community and society. Women have been given a position of pride in every religion. In Islam, Christianity, Hinduism and other religions they are respected and due importance is given to their role and rights. In the Holy Quran a complete Sura, “Sura-i-Nisa” is devoted for the role, welfare, rights and duties of the women. No student of the comparative religious philosophy can fail to observe that at the fountain of every spiritual faith and at the basic fabric of every civilized society, stands a woman whose sympathy blesses the work of infusing a new life into humanity.
Women are the foundation of a family, society and finally the Nation. In this paper an attempt has been made to discuss the importance of education for women and role and status of a women in the present scenario.
Women constitute an important segment of the society and shapes the entire future of the humanity and nation. It has been rightly said that behind every successful man there is a woman. This clearly indicates that women as an integral part of our society have a vital role not only for rearing and bearing the children, but also for the personality development of our future generation and development of the Nation as whole.1 Role and status of a woman by any standard is related to various variable factors which among others include the upbringing of the women, personality development, education of the women, family environment, social outlook, surrounding circumstances, political scenario, religious commands and their interpretation. Nevertheless, the biological and social status of a women along with her distinct roles as a mother or sister or daughter on one hand and wife or mother-in-law, sister-in-law or daughter-in-law on the other hand can not be ignored.
Women with good health and positive leadership qualities are very important in every family and society. Role of women in the traditional societies no doubt was confined to the household management based on the traditional values, attitudes and customs, but the family culture in the context of which early socialization takes place is very important factor which later on encourages or discourages her participation in the socio-economic activities of the family and subsequently in the organizational, social and political matters of the society.
Women almost in every social set-up plays an important role in the economic welfare of the family. She as a mother cares, bothers, loves, showers affection and takes all the pains for the entire family and thereby plays an important role not only as a home maker, home manager but also in maintaining social ties with the relations, friends and neighbours.
The Perspective:
Education is an important weapon for the over-all development of the community in particular and the society in general. The growth and development of a community or civil society depends upon the growth and development of its individuals. Women have been and continue to be equal partners in the over all growth and development of the family, community and society. Women constitute an important segment of the society and shape the future of the individuals, nation and humanity. It has been rightly said that behind every successful man there is a woman. This clearly indicates that women as an integral part of our society have a vital role not only for rearing and bearing the children, but also for the personality development of our future generation and development of the Nation as whole.1
Women have been given a position of pride in every religion. In Islam, Christianity, Hinduism and other religions women are respected and due importance is given to their role and rights. In the Holy Quran a complete Sura, “Sura-i-Nisa” is devoted for the role, welfare, rights and duties of the women. No student of the comparative religious philosophy can fail to observe that at the fountain of every spiritual faith and at the basic fabric of every civilized society, stands a woman whose sympathy blesses the work of infusing a new life into humanity. Women are the foundation of a family, society and finally the Nation.
Role and status of a woman by any standard is related to various variable factors which among others include the upbringing of the women, personality development, education of the women, family environment, social outlook, surrounding circumstances, political scenario, religious commands and their interpretation. Nevertheless, the biological and social status of a women along with her distinct roles as a mother or sister or daughter on one hand and wife or mother-in-law, sister-in-law or daughter-in-law on the other hand can not be ignored.
Women with good health and positive leadership qualities are very important in every family and society. Role of women in the traditional societies no doubt was confined to the household management based on the traditional values, attitudes and customs, but the family culture in the context of which early socialization takes place is very important factor which at later stage encourages or discourages her participation in the socio-economic activities of the family and subsequently in the organizational, social and political matters of the society. Women in almost every social set-up plays an important role in the economic welfare of the family. She as a mother cares, bothers, loves, showers affection and takes all the pains for the entire family and thereby plays an important role not only as a home maker, home manager but also in maintaining social ties with the relations, friends and neighbours.
In this paper a modest attempt has been made to critically examine education and status of women in the light changing scenario. Literacy level among women and impact of education vis-a-vis empowerment of women has been analyzed to high light contribution of the women in the political, economic and social development.
Women and Education:
Education is an important component for the growth and development of the community in particular and the society in general. Education is the essence of human emancipation and the most potential weapon against poverty, disease and hunger. Education is an important factor in shaping the personality of an individual. It is through education that one learns his various role expectations and also the means and mechanism of role fulfillment.
Every country provides to its citizens equality before law and equal protection of laws. Moreover equal opportunity in the employment and other matters is guaranteed by the constitutional provisions in every civilized country. Indian Constitution also guarantees equality and equal opportunity to the citizens irrespective of their race, caste, sex, religion or region. However, it has been found that the women are lagging behind almost in every sphere, but their vital role in building the family cannot be under estimated. Kapoor,2 in her study has rightly pointed out that the women are the nuclei of the nation, just as the body is made up of millions of cells controlled by their nuclei, a nation is made of millions of families depending on the women, house wives and mothers for their progress and well being. The health and growth of the body depends on the vitality of its cells, so also the health and growth of the nations depends on the vitality of its women.
A good mother provides best human resources for the Nation. Napolean once remarked that give me good mothers, I shall give you a good Nation. In an annual conference on community development, Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru3 observed;
“.In order to awaken the people, it is the women, who has to be awakened. Once she is on the move, the house hold moves and the country moves and thus we build the India of tomorrow…..”
Pt. Nehru was of the considered view that when women move forward, the village moves, the Nation moves. Women are equal partners in the human resource development and in their different capacities contribute a major share in the political and economic sector. The importance of women’s education has been realized throughout the world. As per the World Bank Report,4 there has been substantial investment in education in the developing countries, but two thirds of the world’s illiterates are women, who in many countries, only complete with erratic attendance, the equivalent of two or three years of primary schooling. Children’s educational attainment is related more to the education level of mothers than fathers, therefore, illiterate mothers breed illiteracy.5
Eradication of illiteracy amongst women is an essential step for eradicating gender inequality and enabling women to play their role in national development.6 During more than last fifty years, the number of illiterate population has increased with women constituting majority. Venkataraman,7 the then President of India, while inaugurating the first National Conference on Eradication of illiteracy Among Women’s observed.
“Our country can never progress if women are seeped in ignorance. The New National Education Policy, had been enunciated in recognition of the fact that education, being an agent of change, can hasten termination of social evils and bring about equality…..”
Status of Women:
Women folk is the basis of human race and one of the main contributors of the human resource development. It is however, only a small number of women who have undoubtedly made their presence felt in various fields like administration, business, science, commerce, education, politics and various other sectors. It is a matter of fact that despite the commendable contribution of women almost in every sector of life and the society, their role in policy making or decision making bodies is not significant. A brief profile of women in the present scenario has been drawn in the Jakarata Declaration8 in the following terminology:
“Women represent almost fifty percent of the population, make up thirty percent of the official labour force, perform sixty percent of all the working hours, receive ten percent of the world income and own even less than one percent of the world population.”
It has been rightly maintained by Usha9 that in the present scenario, only 10.0 percent of the parliamentary positions and 6.0 percent of the ministerial posts are occupied by women. Nisar Ahmad10 in his paper ‘Women Empowerment and Policy Perspective’ has pointed out that women are poorly represented in ranks of power, policy and decision making bodies. Women constitute less than 5.0 percent of the world’s Heads of the States, Heads of the major Corporations and top positions in International Organizations. The following figures are an eye opener in respect of the women’s representation in various sectors in India.
a) Women registered practitioners (1995) 20.80 Percent
b) Women Chartered Accountants (1996) 05.80 Percent
c) Women High Court Judges (1996) 03.00 Percent
d) Women in the Supreme Court (1996) 04.00 Percent
e) Women in IAS (1997) 10.30 Percent
f) Women in IFS (1998) 11.40 Percent
g) Women in IPS (1999) 03.50 Percent
h) Women in Rajya Sabha (1998) 06.12 Percent
i) Women in lok Sabha (1998) 08.99 Percent
Women play an important role in shaping humanity in the right perspective, but have suffered and continue to suffer in the male dominated society. Women bestow power to the new generation and thereby empower the Society and Nation in a real sense, but they themselves continue to be helpless and powerless. World conference of UN decade for women defined development as the total development including development in the political, economic, social and cultural growth of human persons. World community at Rio Earth Summit11 pledged their commitment to the empowerment of women, which they believed is central and powerful force in search for safe environment, economic and social justice, survival of all species and the common goal of a healthy planet in which future generation can nourish and flourish.
Education and the Society:
Education is an important component of development and is closely linked with the developmental process of the community, society and nation. Women education and education at the gross root level provides the ‘basis’ and ‘basic inputs’ but education at the higher level is expected to provide leadership qualities in every sphere of the life. Education is a continuous human learning process, which has no end.12 It is a vital process for human resource development, nation building, national development and transformation of the society. At the dawn of the 21st century, literacy has become vital and critical input into the process of development for every country.
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has included literacy as a factor in the Human Development Index and under the aegis of UNESCO, many countries are united in their fight against the problem of illiteracy. The World Declaration on Education for All held at the Jomtien Conference held at Thailand (1990) is a milestone in this direction.13 The recent World Education Forum held in Senegal (2000) is yet another expression of the international commitment. Two of the six goals of the Dakar Framework for Action – the international pledge made to provide education for all by 2015.14 However, a vast majority of women continue to be illiterate. It is a matter of fact that in most of the developing as well as under-developed countries, the vast majority of the people continue to be illiterate and are not in a position to reap benefits of the development and therefore, continue to suffer in the modern hi-tech and knowledge based society.
The literacy level varies from country to country and in the same country from area to area, depending upon a number of variable factors. The following table shows sex wise literacy status of the SAARC countries i.e. Maldives, Sri Lanka, India, Bhutan, Pakistan, Nepal and Bangladesh. The literacy status of the SAARC countries is given in the Table-I
Table No. – I
SAARC Literacy Status
Country
Non-literate Pop. 15+
(In Million)
Literacy Rate 15 + Percentage (2000) ___________________________________
Total Male Female Difference
01. Maldives
00.005
96.90
97.00
96.80
00.20
02. Sri Lanka
001.167
91.60
94.40
89.00
05.40
03. India
259.530
60.97
73.35
47.82
25.53
04. Pakistan
046.702
43.20
57.40
27.90
29.50
05. Nepal
007.922
41.70
59.40
24.00
35.40
06.Bangladesh
050.558
40.00
49.40
30.20
19.20
The figures in the above table reveal that the highest literacy level among the SAARC countries has been in Maldives with 96.90 percent literacy level. The male and female literacy level in Maldives being almost same. The lowest literacy level (40.0 percent) among the SAARC countries as per the figures of 2000 was in the Bangladesh with 49.40 percent among males and 30.20 percent among females. Nepal’s literacy level was at 41.70 percent with 49.40 percent among males and 30.20 percent among females. In Nepal the difference between male and female literacy was around 35.40 percent. Pakistan in the year 2000 registered the literacy level at 43.20 percent with 57.40 percent among males and 27.90 percent among females. The difference between male and female literacy level has been recorded at 29.50 percent.
Further, literacy level in Bhutan and Afghanistan as per the World Education Report-199515 reveal that the literacy rate in Bhutan with a population of 0.55 million was at 42.20 percent, where as in Afghanistan with a population of 8.16 million it was at 31.50 percent. The female literacy in Bhutan was at 28.10 percent and in Afghanistan as low as 15.0 percent. The gap between male and female literacy in Bhutan is 28.10 percent and in Afghanistan it is 32.20 percent.
The estimates of UNESCO (2000),16 reveal that one in five adults aged over 15 were illiterate. There were about 860 million illiterate adults in the world. Among these,70.0 percent live in Sub-Saharan Africa, South and West Asia and Arab States. East Asia and the Pacific report an overall literacy rate of 86.0 percent. Latin America and Caribbean region has 11.0 percent of illiterate population.
As per the report of the United Nation’s Population Division, the world population at the end of the 20th century touched 6070.6 million (males=3054.3 million and females=3016.3 million)17 Non-literate population (15+) constitute 862.0 million (310.3 million males and 551.7 million females). The literacy level at the global level in the age group 15 + was 79.7 percent. (Males= 85.20 percent and Females = 74.20 percent)
It appears that in a short span of time, it may be possible to achieve cent-percent literacy in the countries like Maldives and Sri Lanka, but in other SAARC members it is a very difficult task and may take decades to accomplish the target with all the inputs put together. The level of female literacy in India (47.82 percent), Bangladesh (30.20 percent), Bhutan (28.10 percent) Pakistan (27.90 percent), Nepal (24.00 percent) and Afghanistan (15.0 percent), has not even touched 50.0 percent. The low female literacy in these countries is bound to effect the over-all development of the family in particular and the society in general.18
The literacy level in some of the Asian countries is better than the literacy level in the SAARC countries. The literacy rate of Korea is at 97.80 percent and that of Thailand, Philippines and Vietnam is above 90.0 percent, where as that of Malaysia, Indonesia, China and Myanmar is above 84.0 percent. The literacy status of Iran and Laos is 76.0 percent and 64.8 percent respectively.19
The literacy rate through out the world has improved and female literacy has also shown upward trend, but in some of the developing countries female literacy continues to be at lower ebb. India is one the developing countries where female literacy in some of the States continues to be very low. Further, the SAARC countries are lagging far behind in literacy status as compared to the literacy status of other Asian countries. It is interesting to note that the literacy level of Laos is far better than the literacy level of India. The literacy status in most populous countries including the countries already discussed is given in the Table-II
Table No. II
Literacy Status: Most Populous Countries
Country/ Rank
in Literacy
Non-literate Pop. Rank. 15 + (Million)
Literacy Rate 15+ Percentage (2000) Total Male Female Difference
01. Mexico
(09) 005.845
91.20
93.30
89.10
04.20
02. Brazil
(08) 015.885
86.90
87.00
86.80
08.00
03. Indonesia
(07) 019.377
86.80
91.80
81.90
00.20
04. China
(02) 141.903
85.20
92.10
77.90
14.20
05. Nigeria
(05) 022.510
64.00
72.20
56.10
16.10
06. India
(01) 259.530
60.97
73.35
47.82
09.90
07. Egypt
(06) 019.613
55.30
66.60
43.80
22.80
08. Pakistan
(04) 046.702
43.20
57.40
27.90
29.50
09.Bangladesh
(03) 050.558
40.00
49.40
30.20
19.20
The figures of the Table-II reveal that the most populous country among the nine countries in the age group of (15 + ) is India (259.530 million) with 60.97 percent literacy level in the said age group followed by China (141.530 million) with a comparatively better literacy status of 85.20 percent. Bangladesh with a population of 50.558 million in the 15 + age group is on the bottom of the literacy ladder of the nine countries. (40.0 percent). Pakistan with a population of 46.702 million in the (15 + ) age group has the literacy level of 43.20 percent which is slightly better than Bangladesh. Nigeria which among the nine countries, as per population stands on 5th position has literacy level at 64.0 percent which is better than India. Egypt which stands on 6th level as per population, has the literacy level at 55.30 percent which is below than literacy level of India but far better than the literacy level of Pakistan and Bangladesh. Further, Indonesia, Brazil and Mexico, as per population, stand on 7th, 8th and 9th position respectively but in respect of literacy status their position is in the reverse order i.e. among the most populous nine countries Mexico has the highest literacy level (91.20 percent) followed by Brazil (86.90 percent) and Indonesia (86.80 percent).20
All the countries in the world have augmented their educational net work to meet the challenges posed by the illiteracy. The measures taken in this direction vary from country to country and in the same country from area to area, depending upon the resources available in the respective country/area.
Women’s Empowerment and Development:
Empowerment of Women in any society is an important factor to enable women to participate in the economic and political development of the society. In India educational programmes aim at eradication of illiteracy among women for their equality in the society and to ensure their empowerment.
The National Policy on Education (NPE) provides that education be used as a strategy for achieving a basic change in the status of women. The main features of the NPE are as follows.21
a) To gear the entire education system to plan a positive interventionist role in the
empowerment of women.
b) To promote women’s studies as a part of various courses and encouragement to
educational institutions to take up active programme to further women’s
development.
c) To widen the access of women in programmes of vocational, technical and
professional education;
d) To create dynamic managerial structure to cope up with the targets envisaged.
The New Education Policy22 provides the following parameters for empowerment of
women:
a) Building a positive self-image and self-confidence;
b) Developing ability to think critically;
c) Building up group cohesion and fostering decision making and action;
d) Ensuring equal participation in the process of bringing about social change;
e) Providing the reasonable opportunities for economic independence.
The women’s equality is essential for the over all growth of the society. Further, the women’s equality can be achieved through education so that they are in a position to develop the critical under-standing of all the things surrounding them.
Conclusions and Suggestions:
Women are an integral part of our society. The idea of human race can’t be conceived with out the existence of a woman. Women in the holy books have been bestowed with a very high status and have been adored with various adjectives. She is called as mother of the nation and it is said that education of the mother means education of the entire family.
Women through out the ages have played an important role in the economic, social and political sector. She has proved her capacity and capability not only as the bread distributor, but also as one of the main contributors to the family income.
Women in the urban set-up works shoulder to shoulder with male counter parts in every sphere of life. In most of the sectors women excel their male counter parts and have proved very successful in their endeavor.
Woman may be a vegetable grower or seller or a fish seller or looking after the cattle or selling milk or she may be working in the private or public sector or working as a house wife or as a ordinary labourer or working with her family members in the paddy fields or orchards or doing any other odd job, she contributes to the family income in many ways and plays a vital role in the socio-economic and political development of the nation.
Women whatsoever their occupation or profession may be, contribute in to the humanity in their own humble way and their contribution under any circumstances can’t be underestimated.
Women literacy is an important input for the economic, social and political development of the civilised society and therefore, every segment of the society, especially the Institutions of learning have an important role in this venture. It is a matter of fact that socially important element in the education is that the Universities are the instruments of social regeneration and reconstruction.23
Women education no doubt is vital for the growth and development of the family and society as whole, but it is a matter of fact that vast majority of women through out the globe continue to be far below than men. It is rightly believed that education of a man means education of one individual, but education of a woman means education of the entire family. In order to promote social, economic and political development, education of women is to be given top priority every where at every level.
Women in the modern hi-tech society, which is moving very fast under the shadow of population explosion, conflicts, chaos and corruption, can mould the personality of the adolescents and youth in a proper direction and perspective, provided the women are themselves empowered.
Women empowerment is an essential component for the human resource development. World conference of UN Decade for Women defined development as the total development including development in the political, social, economic and cultural.
Women can play a vital role in the social, economic and political development of the society provided they are conscious of their rights and responsibilities. Their vision regarding their role in the present scenario has to be clear to serve the cause of humanity and to realise the basic purpose of life.
References:
01. Pillai; J & K. (1995) Women and Empowerment.
02. Kapoor; M: (1986) Women and Family Life Education In India.
03. Pt. Nehru; J: Prime Minister’s Message” See Summary Record of Annual Conference on Community
Development, Government of India (1985)
04. See World Bank Reports, Washington D.C.-4
06. Shri R. Venkataraman (Former President of India) Inaugural Address, ‘1st National Conference on
Eradication of Illiteracy Among Women’ Times of India, Feb. 21, 1988
08. Second Asia-Pacific Ministerial Conference on “Women in Development” Jakarta, June 7-14,1994
09. Usha Narayanan “Women’s Political Empowerment: Imperatives and Challenges” Mainstream.
April 10,1999
10. Nisar Ahmad; “Women Empowerment and Policy Perspective”. Paper presented in a ‘Workshop
on Empowerment of Women’ Centre of Adult and Continuing and Extension Education, KU.
11. Earth Summit, Rio, June 3-14, 1992
12. Robert; P: Adult Education: A Comparative Study (1972)
13. Dutta; S.C: (1987) Adult Education in the Third World.
15.United Nations population Division-World Population Prospects (20th Century Report)
16. National Literacy Mission, MHRD, Govt. of India, New Delhi (1987)
17. World Education Report – 1995 See Literacy: Facts at Glance, Directorate of Adult Education,
MHRD, New Delhi
18. EFA Global Monitoring Report 2003/04
19. See Literacy Facts at Glance, National Literacy Mission, MHRD, New Delhi (1998)
20. See Literacy Facts at Glance, Directorate of Adult Education, MHRD, 2005
21. National Policy on Education 1986. Ministry of Human, Resource Development, Govt. of India (May
1986)
23. Gomez; R: ‘Education in Development’ International Educator Vol. 2. No. 2-3 (Oct. 1984) 49.
X X X X X X X
Image of the modern business woman
In this article, “The image of the modern business woman”, we tell about the image for a business woman. Because often little things in the image business woman decide everything. No matter what were the results on your old job, whatever it was eloquent summary, but future colleagues, bosses, team, first of all, welcome on clothes FLANMARK.com. This visual perception of the subconscious has its influence and forms located or distrustful, negative or positive attitude. If you’re a business woman, you have to look properly, according to the position and occupation.
- Accuracy. Clothes http://www.flanmark.com , especially, should be no delays, and pellets, pressed and nevytsvetshey, neat and clean. Hair must be collected in a neat haircut, it underscores the high degree of organization are women. On your computer, see how you can pick and choose the appropriate hairstyle makeover. If you use your own photos, then we can evaluate ourselves by.
- Discreet and quiet makeup, everything should be in the same tone, powder, respectively. Smells of perfume should not be sharp, woody scents are preferred.
- Hands should be well groomed, with manicures, nails are not long and medium length. It is better to varnish a pale pink or French manicure.
- Shoes should be of good quality and clean. In the office we need to use a removable footwear – a classic black stilettos with heels that should not be in urgent need of replacement. From sandals should be avoided in the office, they seem to indicate your lightheadedness. Pantyhose should be mandatory, even if outside the summer and very hot, with no catches and delays, flesh-colored. Every business woman, a self-respecting should be in your purse or keep in the office an extra pair of tights, just in case.
Costumes must be chosen from natural fabrics, highlighted the business style is black and white. When put on a dress or skirt to avoid extremes – maxi and mini. Do not wear deep neck and translucent blouse.
Accessories, clothes FLANMARK.com and everything you wear should be of good quality. See to it that if you purchase brand-name items, they must be established. There can be nothing more terrible imitations of Dolce & Gabbana, which can be defined by not properly done on the bag label brand.
Postmodern Traits Of Leadership – How To Be The Best Boss
Let’s face it; we all sacrifice ourselves to learn skills that will land us a good job and have a go in the daily race that is the pursuit of happiness. But who wants to be stuck doing routine tasks? Apart from a few conformists I’ve known in my time, most workers want to move up, want to get ahead, and want to be promoted – have a prosperous career.
And of course reap the monetary benefits.
To begin my discussion let me just mention that ‘leadership’ is a fancy abstract noun difficult to grasp. It’s more useful to discuss the subject with more humble terms. For example, what makes a person a good leader? Is she a good boss? Why?
So, let’s begin by answering this question: What is a leader or a boss? A leader is someone who has people or subordinates to manage. But how do you manage? Leadership isn’t something that one can learn from a textbook. Although management textbooks contain exhaustive pages upon pages, chapters, and volumes, they’re for the most platitudes and commonplaces of little practical use.
Management textbook formula:
Lead by example – Be an equal opportunity boss – Be kind and be a good listener – Be consistent and decisive – Have integrity
My Formula:
1. Know everyone under your command and fit them into three groups: (1) those who earn and deserve your time (2) those who use up your time, and (3) those who waste your time.
2. Accept that you don’t own all the best human qualities, virtues, skills, and abilities, but nothing should prevent your subordinates from thinking that you do. In a good boss, subordinates don’t see appearances but splendor.
3. Think of yourself as being a force. Newton’s First Law of Motion states that if no force acts on a body and the body is at rest, it will remain at rest. In human nature we find this is also true; therefore a good leader must set people in motion.
4. Think of yourself as being the sun. The astronomer Kepler discovered that planets do not move at a constant velocity, but that they move faster when they are close to the sun. The good boss will judge –much like in the bible– who are the quick and who are the deadwood.
5. Know that weeds become deadwood. Former GE’s big boss, Jack Welch once said: ”My main job was developing talent. I was a gardener providing water and other nourishment to our top 750 people. Of course, I had to pull out some weeds, too.”
Leadership Myths
Niccolo Machiavelli in his little book, The Prince, gave practical and cynical advice to princes –heads of state. Over the years many textbooks have incorporated Machiavelli’s counsel as sound principles of leadership. Two Machiavellian principles are often cited: (1) the end result is what counts regardless of the means taken, and (2) a leader should make himself feared but not hated.
In business, these two Machiavellian principles, if practiced, will get a boss fired.
Conclusion
During my long years in business, one sound thought always guided me in human relations: Being a leader or a boss means that you have power, and that power is nothing else but force–force to hurt others. Therefore, like electricity, you must always control it, measure it, and use it wisely.
Power and Women
POWER AND WOMAN
By Alejandro Guevara Onofre
INTRODUCTION:
From my perspective, I think that democracy is synonymous of equality between women and men in the civil society and government. Ironically, there are more women voters, but fewer women candidates. However, From my point of view I think that “Parity Democracy” is the big difference between democracies and dictatorships. I remembered that the Taliban’s regime –the worst dictatorship in the modern history- prohibited women from participating in Afghanistan’s National Government. In 1990 Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, a pro-democracy activist, won the elections in Myanmar (ex-Burma), but she was arrested and the results were cancelled abruptly by dictator Saw Maung.
Certainly, international organizations reports that 10 democracies have the highest proportion of women in its governmental structures: Sweden, Denmark, Finland, The Netherlands, Iceland, Germany, New Zealand, Mozambique, South Africa and Spain. Another example: under the Administration of Bill Clinton, Madeleine Albright was the first female Secretary of State.
Sri Lanka, formerly named Ceylon, is the home to Sirimavo Ratwate Dias Bandaranaike. She was often described as one of the most important females in the history: Mrs. Bandaranaike became World’s first female Prime Minister. She influenced Prime Minister from Janet Jagan to Gro Harlem Brundtland with her leadership for women’s rights and democracy.
Inspired by example of the “Women Revolution” in Sri Lanka, Pakistan, India and Bangla Desh, Chandrika Kumaratunga, Bandaraike’s daughter, was elected Head of State in 1994.Her government was very similar that of her mother.
Certainly, there were fewer governments by women’s leaders as Violeta Barrios de Chamorro, who has fought for the democracy and women’s rights in Nicaragua, one of the most poorest countries in Latin America.
Finally I would like to finish my article with my favorite personal motto: “The future is for those people who believe in the beauty of their dreams”, by Anna Eleanor Roosevelt. Roosevelt, who was First Lady of the United States between 1933 and 1945.
ARGENTINA: In 1974 Maria Estela Martinez de Peron, best known as “Isabel Peron”, became the first woman President in the modern history. She is the widow of former President Juan Domingo Peron (1946-1955 and 1973-1974). After his death in 1974, Juan Domingo Peron was replaced by Vice President Isabel Peron. On March, 1976, after 2 years in power, she was ousted in a military coup led by Jorge Rafael Videla. She was forced into exile.
BANGLADESH: The country, an ex-British colony, has had two women in the national power. Begum Khaleda Zia was Prime Minister from 1991 to 1996. Khaleda was an advocate for the environment. She escaped assassination in 1995. However, she was reelected without opposition, but Khaleda Zia was succeeded by other woman: Sheik Hassina Wajed, anti-governmental activist. Sheik Hassina Wajed was as unpopularity as her predecessor. Bangladesh was one of the few states in the world whose government has been successively held by women.
BOLIVIA: Lydia Gueiler Tejada, former accountant, served as interim President of Bolivia from 16 November 1979 to 17 July 1980.She was elected President by Parliament. Mrs. Gueiler Tejada was overthrown by General Luis Garcia Meza Tejada, who was one of the worst dictators in the Latin American history.
CANADA: Dame Kimberley Campbell was ephemeral Prime Minister from 25 June 1993 to November 1993. But she was not the only one in power. Jeanne Sauce was Governor General from 1984 to 1989. Furthermore, Adrienne Clarkson was elected also GG in 1999. Currently, Michaelle Jean, was born in Haiti, has been elected GG in 2005.
DOMINICA: Dominica, a small country in the Caribbean, has been an independent State since 1978. Mary Eugenia Charles governed from 1980 to 1995. During her government Dominica had one of the most highest rate of human development in Latin America. In 1983, Mary Eugenia Charles, an admirer of Great Britain’s Margaret Thatcher, established diplomatic relations with Republic of China (ROC) or Taiwan. She was apparently supported by the United States and Taiwan for its anti-communism.
ICELAND: Vidis Finnbogadottir was Head of State of Iceland from 1980 to 1996.Vigdis was a key interlocutor between the Soviet Bloc and the United States. She was the first woman democratically elected President in the world.
INDIA: Indira Ghandi was one of the greatest politicians of the history. She served as Prime Minister of India from 1966 to 1977 and from 1980 to 1984. In the 1970s her government was marked by corruption, human rights abuses and pro-Soviet politics. In 1984, Mrs. Gandhi was assassinated by her bodyguards. During her government, she was an anti-Apartheid leader. Many people loved her and others hated her. Currently, she is a symbol of the India.
IRELAND: Mary Robinson was elected Head of State of Ireland from 1990 to 1997. She was a forceful campaigner for women’s rights in the world. The fruits of her efforts continue to flourish: On November 11, 1997, Mary McAleese was elected President. The world recognized Ireland’s Mary Robinson for her fight against abuses of refuges.
ISRAEL: Golda Meir governed as Prime Minister from 1969 to 1974. She is remembered as one of the most important women in the Israeli history. During her government, Israel and Egypt, Syria and Iraq went to war. After her death, Israel is the birthplace of important women as Leah Rabin and Shulamith Katznelson.
NEW ZEALAND: Jenny Shipley had an ephemeral government. She became the NZ’s first female Prime Minister. In 1999 Helen Clark was elected Prime Minister of NZ. Historically, New Zealand is the birthplace of the “Woman Suffrage”. The country´s name in the local dialect means “Land of the Woman Suffrage”.
NORWAY: Gro Harlem Brundtland served as Prime Minister for 11 years. She has been described as a “great Prime Minister”. She is equally admired as an ecologist and diplomatic. Under her leadership, Norway was an example of human development in the world.
PHILIPPINES: Corazon “Cory” Aquino was the fourth women in Asia to assume the position of President. After her victory, Aquino said that among her political projects were the anti-poverty and human rights. She was Benigno Aquino’s wife. She helped win more representation for women in the Parliament. It was under her government that full democratization began.
SRI LANKA: Sririmavo Bandaraike was the first woman who became Prime Minister in the history. Historically, she has been the first woman with real power in the 20th Century. Under her government, the Island, an ex- British colony, became a democratic republic. Mrs. Bandaranaike had taken a prominent role in national affairs during the government of her daughter, President Chandrika Kumaratunga Bandaranaike (1994-2000).
UNITED KINGDOM: Margaret Hilda Roberts Thatcher, best known worldwide as the “Iron Lady”, was Prime Minister from 1979 to 1990. She was the most powerful woman in the industrialized world. Mrs. Thatcher does not herself as a feminist. Thatcher was reelected Prime Minister in the 1980s and she was an active anti-communist leader. Her economical philosophy provided a model for many countries as Hungary, Czech Republic, Mauritius, Botswana, El Salvador, Chile and Cyprus. Under her leadership, the UK’s economy witnessed the most rapid growth in the 1980s.Ironically, she has not made campaigns for women’s rights, but she is an advocate for the ecology. Europe has produced many leaders, but none as Margaret Thatcher…
UNITED STATES: In 1996 Maria Jana Korbelova or Marie Hana Korbel, best known as Madeleine Albright, made history when she was elected Secretary of State of the United States. She was born in Czech Republic, former Czechoslovakia, but Madeleine became American citizen in the 1950s.She gained international recognition for her efforts on behalf of human rights and democracy. She was one of the few American leaders to balance good relations with North Korea…
Did you know that an American woman was Head of State?
Janet Jagan became President of Guyana, an ex-British colony and South American country. Mrs. Jagan, a naturalized Guyanan citizen who was born in Chicago, Illinois, came to power from December 1997 to 11 August 1999.
REFERENCES:
-ENCICLOPEDIA UNIVERSAL ILUSTRADA EUROPEO-AMERICANO SUPLEMENTO ANUAL 1934-2006, ESPASA-CALPE, BARCELONA
2-GUEVARA ONOFRE, ALEJANDRO. ENCICLOPEDIA MUNDOTOTAL 1999, SAN MARCOS, LIMA, 1998.
3———————- MUJER Y PODER, CECOSAMI, LIMA, 2001
4———————- NORTEAMERICANAS UNIVERSALES, CECOSAMI, LIMA, 2002
5———————- HISTORIA DE LA MUJER DE LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS, CECOSAMI, LIMA, 2002
6-INFORME SOBRE DESARROLLO HUMANO 1995: GENERO Y DESARROLLO HUMANO, PNUD, NUEVA YORK, 1995
7-NOTES FOR SPEAKERS ONTHE ADVANCEMENT OF WOMEN, NACIONES UNIDAS, NUEVA YORK, 1995
8-THE WOMEN’S BOOK WORLD RECORDS AND ACHIEVEMENTS, LOUIS DECKER O’NEILL-ANCHOR BOOKS, ANCHOR PRESS, 1979
9-THE WORLD ALMANAC AND BOOK OF FACTS 1980-2000, WORLD ALMANAC BOOKS, NEW JERSEY
10-UGLOW, JENNIFER. THE MACMILLAN DICTIONARY OF WOMEN’S BIOGRAPHY, THE MACMILLAN, LONDON, 1982